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A semi-synthetic opioid, hydromorphone, has been extensively used for both acute and chronic pain, primarily from cancer and, to a lesser degree, from nonmalignant pain. Its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including oral preparations for rapid release and a range for gradual release, have been thoroughly investigated. Other methods of administration that have been explored include intrathecal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and epidural. It has been linked to neuroexcitatory states and other toxicities, as it is known to be metabolised into analgesically inactive metabolites. Hydromorphone does not appear to be more susceptible to abuse than other opioids.
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